Article 690 covers solar installations, except large-scale ones (those are covered in Article 691) [Sec. 690.1], as shown in Fig. 1. There are three important definitions: “Photovoltaic (PV) system” ...

Scientists from the Université de Sherbrooke in Canada have fabricated a prototype of a concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) module based on the so-called surface-mount technology (SMT) – a technique that ...

Solar day lamps (SDL) are simple and cost-effective. A few examples of SDLs have been described in [1], [2] and [3]. An SDL without any energy storage element suffers from frequent changes in the ...

Part II of Art. 690 provides the circuit requirements for PV systems. The first requirement it covers is the maximum PV system direct-current (DC) circuit voltage. This value is used when selecting ...